The twentieth century, which started to lose its linear and positivist magic rapidly with the world wars, embraced humanity with the destructiveness of weapons of mass destruction and the hatred of rising nation-state understandings, and left millions of scattered, destroyed stories of humans and nations behind it. Those were the stories of the disaster that transcend the limits of words. Unexplainable, incommunicable, impossible stories of disaster and of the one who directly suffered the disaster, which are always spoken, told, written, but still contain the fragmentation and emptiness of the catastrophic experience. The disaster is always incomplete and can never be cleared up. That’s why it can be always asked: Can these stories be put to the limits of the word? Can the devastating rhythm of disaster be put into words? Can the surviving witnesses of the disaster speak the impossible?
Paragraphs about the disaster do not expand with ellipses, but question marks. Our sentences are always uneasy and vague. We cannot grasp the answers with our inexhaustible certainty and throw them towards the questions. We keep wandering around the truth. Marc Nichanian is one of the writers who has been wandering around the devastating realities of disasters and debating whether it is possible to explain it. In his book Edebiyat ve Felaket (Literature and Disaster), Nichanian points out the danger of disaster narratives turning into an "exploitation of atrocities": “I will not speak to you of the so-called “disaster literature", which we know well enough to describe atrocities. Disaster is not the sum of atrocities. No one is capable of calculating the sum of these atrocities, anyway.” (p.25) So, what do we mean by disaster? According to Nichanian, at this point, it is necessary to see the difference between a fact and an event. [An historical fact, such as a genocide, or a torture, this maximum pain, disrupts the bodily integrity of the people or groups who suffer from it to the point of their extinction/ murder.] This is a fact. However, this maximum pain also breaks, crushes and hurts a survivor's spiritual and linguistic integrity. Is it possible for the survivor to recover from the effects of such an experience? Could an indescribable pain still be spoken within the limits of a linguistic form? Or does this attempt at "cure" also involve refutation, as Nichanian suggests? Because, the only way to talk about pain is to convince the survivor that the linguistic integrity is not broken, which means "betrayal of the subject's experience". (p. 28) If so, disaster is this paradox and impossibility itself. Although Nichanian acknowledges as witnesses of the disaster not only those killed by the disaster, but also those who survived, this does not mean that we can still speak the disaster. The witness whose linguistic integrity has been shattered will not be able to speak it without a refutation that this integrity has been broken. So, the question can be repeated: How can the "impossible" be spoken? According to Nichanian, this is only possible with a linguistic act that "experiences helplessness and impossibility within itself" and "locates on the border of language", in other words, only through literature. (p.34)
It can be said that Markus Zusak's novel The Book Thief is an example of literature that constantly invites the reader to question the possibilities of disaster narratives. In this novel about the Nazi Germany, we are faced with a clear lack of "witnesses". Although it takes place in Germany during World War II, we do not witness any character speaking – or being able to speak – about the experience in the concentration camps. The result is that the story is told not through those directly exposed to the disaster, but through the Germans living in a small town. Concentration camps are a fact that everyone is aware of, afraid of, avoiding, maybe trying to save someone from there, just like our protagonist Liesel's step-parents, but nobody speaks, or rather can't speak. For example, the memories, experiences and aftermath of Liesel's parents, whom we guess were destroyed in the camps, are completely empty, dark and uncertain. It can be said that the tremendous silence in response to the letters Liesel sends to her mother is the rhythm and tone of the entire narrative.
It is only can be heard in the voice of one Jewish, Max, in the narrative. However, this is only valid for a limited time. As he gets involved in the story, Max has to hide to avoid being caught and sent to the concentration camps. Liesel's step parents, the Hubermanns, are a German family, but they do not support Nazi policies. The Hubermanns, who took Liesel into their home after her communist family is sent to the concentration camps, volunteer to hide Max in their basement. Max had not yet experienced the camps and had not faced the disaster directly. Thus, at first, Max is not a witness to the disaster, but its fugitive. Max, who left the Hubermanns in order not to create any more threats to them, and was therefore captured and sent to the concentration camp, turns into complete silence after this point in the narrative. Although he will appear again at some point in the narrative, the reader never sees what he went through in the concentration camp. There is no longer a voice that can convey the experience of the camp. It is no longer possible to convey his experience with the integrity of the word.
This silence bears a resemblance to a scene in the book. In transfers between camps, camp victims are unloaded from cars and led through town. They are in utterly helpless and devastating silence as they pass through the townsfolk watching them. This walk is like the embodiment of an indescribable, inexplicable, unspeakable darkness and impossibility passing through the middle of the town. The narrative is “witnessless” and silent about a disaster at its very center. The disaster is like a black hole in the middle of the novel. The narrative never speaks directly about the disaster, but constantly circulates around it. The disaster is at the center of the narrative, silent and impossible.
Nichanian makes mention of the impossibility of "witnessing". So, who could be designated as the narrator of the disaster, which transcends linguistic boundaries, stands far beyond the sequence of actions that created it, and cannot be compiled, regardless of our definition of "witness"? Perhaps an impossible narrator, like the disaster itself. Thus, death itself becomes the narrator of The Book Thief. The Book Thief opens with a chapter in which this narrator briefly introduces itself:
I could introduce myself properly, but it’s not really necessary. You will know me well enough and soon enough, depending on a diverse range of variables. It suffices to say that at some point in time, I will be standing over you, as genially as possible. Your soul will be in my arms. A color will be perched on my shoulder. I will carry you gently away. At that moment, you will be lying there (I rarely find people standing up). You will be caked in your own body. There might be a discovery; a scream will dribble down the air. The only sound I’ll hear after that will be my own breathing, and the sound of the smell, of my footsteps. (Zusak, p.7)
This paragraph is actually about the "impossibility" of death. Death the narrator indicates from the very beginning that we, as living, surviving, blood-stained readers, cannot know it. Acquaintance is possible only by encounter. We will have to wait our turn to get to know it. Therefore, the paragraph begins with an impossibility inherent in the narrator's own existence. Words about introducing it convey to the reader only the impossibility of knowing it. The moment of encountering death is defined here as a "discovery". It is a moment that is both unknowable and inexplicable. After experiencing death, the person emanates with a “scream” from the body in which they are "caked". In other words, the voice of the death experience is defined by a voice that transcends words, namely a scream, which is thin, sharp, messy, formless, and its meaning is still hidden only within itself. What comes next are voices that only death can hear, where words have been completely lost. The sound of death’s breath smell and footsteps; in other words, it is the absolute silence of death for the people still alive.
Silence and impossibility. Nichanian quotes that the real challenge in the cinema or literature produced about the Holocaust, one of the most devastating disasters in world history, is “the silence at the death of the witness”. Here, “the ultimate goal is to transform the Holocaust into testimony and History by re-creating the Holocaust and rewriting the event-without-witness.” (Nichanian, p.118) In The Book Thief, the "witnessing" is established with a narrator as silent and impossible as the disaster itself, that is, death itself. Death is the only, sole and ominous witness to disaster. The victims of the disaster are also silent and impossible in the dark halo created by it, just like it, away from possible words.
As Nichanian states, disaster can only be spoken with the words of literature placed on the border. So at this point, let's go back to a scene mentioned above, where Max and Liesel meet again after a long time. While Max is walking silently and hopelessly through town with the other survivors, Liesel rushes into the middle of the march and calls out to Max. Between them, as the narrator puts it, a weak, interrupted conversation takes place in which the words seem to "drip" from their mouths. This is a dialogue that cannot occur and also cannot touch the bonds that grew stronger between Max and Liesel, while he was hiding in the Hubermanns' basement. After the soldiers push Liesel out of the march, Liesel stubbornly plunges into the march again. This time she bears a different and stronger feeling; because now, she has in mind the book, "The Word Shaker", that Max himself wrote and left for Liesel when he left the house. The disaster of the Holocaust is represented by Max’s farewell, which we encounter not through the act of speaking, but a literary text, which he wrote on the cusp of facing the hell of the concentration camp: because literature is the only way to show one's broken integrity without refuting it at the same time.
Liesel finds Max again and reminds him of a sentence from "The Word Shaker”: “There was once a strange, small man. But there was a word shaker, too.” As the narrator states, Liesel's words manage to reach Max this time and remind him of the book and its meaning. The broken and destroyed bond between Max, one of the "others" flowing through the middle of the town, and Liesel, who belongs to the power element (or is considered to belong), is revived and gains an intensity that is visible enough to affect those around them. Words remove the artificial distinctions that call for disaster and justifies it. For this reason, it is no coincidence that the title of this chapter is “Way of the words”. Words are a brand new path in the middle of disaster and transport those who have them to a completely different world, stripped of the meanings of the dictated.
The definition of the protagonist as a "word shaker" in a disaster narrative is quite meaningful considering the "impossibility" in which Nichanian places the disaster. Even if words that can speak directly to the disaster are not possible, words that experience its impossibility and silence, positioned on the border of the disaster—such a linguistic act, namely literature, will continue to resurrect and preserve our memory and our destroyed, devastated human bonds.
References:
Nichanian, Marc. Edebiyat ve Felaket. Istanbul: Iletisim, 2011.
Zusak, Markus. The Book Thief. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007.